Exploiting Integrated Demand Response for Operating Reserve Provision Considering Rebound Effects

Electricity-driven thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), e.g., air conditioners (ACs), have been widely utilized in demand response (DR) to provide operating reserve for power systems. However, the rebound effects may occur during recovery process of DR, which can limit quality ACs or even affect reliable operation With community-level smart energy hubs (EH), traditional electricity-driven TCLs be expanded into multi-energy driven (MTCLs), household radiators. Under this circumstance, integrated (IDR) exploited coordinate MTCLs and more resources while mitigating effects. To end, paper proposes a two-stage IDR strategy fully excavate provided by MTCLs. The first stage is consumption radiators maximize end-users’ thermal comfort mitigate quantify comfort, modified predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) index related environment parameters introduced simplified. Based on determined stage, conversion EH optimized second stage. Through optimization these two stages, series indices established evaluate terms aggregate capacity, duration, ramp rate, smoothness. case studies demonstrate that proposed high-aggregate-capacity long-duration systems maintain supply-demand balance analysis results test system show capacity duration obtained model are 1.85 2.61 times those without considering conversion, respectively.